In southern India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions. On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation. CONTOH BROSUR PROGRAM GURU PENYAYANG FREEThe caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure, arose during this period. Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west. The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed during this period, and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain. ĭuring the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade. These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, the first urban culture in South Asia it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India. Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan. Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh. The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago. Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India Ancient India It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multi-ethnic society. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks seventh in military expenditure among nations. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies it is considered a newly industrialised country. The Indian economy is the world's tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. Four world religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. India ( i / ˈ ɪ n d i É™ /), officially the Republic of India ( Bharat Ganrajya), is a country in South Asia.
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